METALS: EXTRACTION of ZINC
Zinc, which is relatively rare in the Earth's crust (0.007%), occurs
mainly as the sulfide or the carbonate (e.g., in the ores zinc blende 
and calamine, respectively). This element is not considered to be a 
transition metal, despite its position on the Periodic Table, partly 
because it forms compounds which are (usually) white or colourless and 
in only one oxidation state (II).           [Zinc blende º Sphalerite]
[.. K > Ca > Na > Mg > Al > Zn > Cd > Fe > Sn > Pb > (H) > Hg > Cu ..]
1. Extracting natural resources invariably produces a conflict between economic advantages and conservation of the environment. For example, open-cast mining of zinc ores usually provides employment for the local population: but also produces large quantities of waste rock (known as spoil), as well as the disruption or destruction of delicately balanced ecosystems. Suggest one conservation measure which should be undertaken when resources are extracted. Catalogue indigenous species. / Minimize emission of pollutants. / Restore habitat to original state after use. [1] 2. Zinc is extracted and purified by the processes summarized in this flow diagram.
(a) Combustion of crude zinc blende usually results in a mixture of 
metal and silicon oxides, because the sand-bearing ores of zinc, lead,
and cadmium often occur together. Construct the symbol equation for the 
complete combustion of (pure) zinc sulfide.
                                                                    [2]
State the most important use of the by-product (i.e., sulfur dioxide).
As an intermediate in the manufacture of sulfuric acid
                                                                    [1]
(b) Construct the symbol equation for the neutralization reaction of
zinc carbonate and dilute sulfuric acid.  
                                                                    [2]
(c) In the electrolytic reduction of aqueous zinc sulfate, which
contains the ions Zn2+(aq), SO42-(aq), H1+(aq), and OH1-(aq), dioxygen
is evolved at the carbon-graphite anode and zinc is deposited at the 
carbon-graphite cathode. Write an ionic equation for the reaction which 
occurs at the:
                                                                    [3]
Suggest and explain one reason why zinc is not extracted by the
electrolytic reduction of zinc oxide.  High melting point, so higher 
energy costs / Presence of impurites, so higher costs of purification
                                                                    [2]
(d) Impure zinc is obtained when a mixture of oxides, obtained from the 
combustion of crude zinc blende, is heated with coke and limestone in a 
furnace at a temperature of about 1000°C. Fairly pure zinc, separated 
from impurities by physical methods (e.g., fractional distillation), is
then either used directly or further purified electrolytically.

Coke, the source of chemical energy in the blast furnace, is burnt both
to release heat energy and to provide the main reducing agent:
Calcium oxide, formed by thermal decomposition of limestone, reacts
with silicon oxide to form slag (which is less dense than molten lead):

 
    Zinc    
    Cadmium    
    Lead    
 Melting point / °C 
     420 
      321 
     328 
 Boiling point / °C 
     908 
      765 
    1751 
 Density (r) / g cm-³  
    7.14 
     8.64 
   11.34 
Noting the properties given in the Table, label this diagram of a zinc
blast furnace with: CaSiO3(l); Cd(l); Condenser; Hot air blast; Pb(l);
Reactants (oxides, coke, and limestone); Waste gases; and, Zn(l).
Construct an explanation, complete with two symbol equations, why 
calamine could be used directly as a raw material in the blast furnace.
Thermal decomposition of the zinc carbonate would produce zinc oxide:
Then, reduction of zinc oxide with carbon monoxide would produce zinc:
                                                                    [4]
What two physical processes are involved in fractional distillation?
Evaporation and Condensation
                                                                    [2]
3.  Zinc is used in alloys, in batteries, and to galvanize iron. If the 
trends in present-day use of zinc continues, it has been guesstimated 
that the known reserves of zinc ores will last for perhaps no more than 
20 years. Suggest two ways of overcoming this potential shortage of 
zinc.  Plate a more commonly available metal (e.g., Al). / Recycle zinc 
objects. / Use an alternative material (e.g., Mg / Mn / plastic / ...).
                                                                    [2]

Dr. R. Peters Next Contents' List & Teacher's Notes